"rostrum" meaning in All languages combined

See rostrum on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

IPA: /ˈɹɒstɹəm/ [Received-Pronunciation], /ˈɹɑstɹəm/ [General-American], /ˈɹɔs-/ [General-American] Audio: en-us-rostrum.ogg [General-American] Forms: rostra [plural], rostrums [plural]
Rhymes: (Received Pronunciation) -ɒstɹəm, (General American) -ɑstɹəm Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”), from rōd(ō) (“gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. The pulpit sense is a back-formation from the name of the Roman Rōstra, the platforms in the Forum where politicians made speeches. The Rōstra were decorated with (and named for) the beaks (prows) of ships from naval victories. Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*Hreh₃d-}}, {{lbor|en|la|rōstrum|t=beak, snout}} Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*Hreh₃d-}} Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- Head templates: {{en-noun|rostra|s}} rostrum (plural rostra or rostrums)
  1. A dais, pulpit, or similar platform for a speaker, conductor, or other performer. Synonyms: dais, pulpit Translations (dais, pulpit, or similar platform): βῆμα (bêma) [neuter] (Ancient Greek), катедра (katedra) [feminine] (Bulgarian), трибуна (tribuna) [feminine] (Bulgarian), 講壇 /讲坛 (jiǎngtán) (Chinese Mandarin), 講臺 /讲台 (jiǎngtái) (Chinese Mandarin), stupínek [masculine] (Czech), pódium [neuter] (Czech), kazatelna [feminine] (Czech), řečniště [neuter] (Czech), podio (Esperanto), tribuno (Esperanto), koroke (Finnish), kateederi (english: dais) (Finnish), puhujapönttö (english: pulpit) (Finnish), chaire [feminine] (French), emelvény (Hungarian), dobogó (Hungarian), szószék (Hungarian), pulpitus (Hungarian), szónoki emelvény (Hungarian), rostram [masculine] (Irish), rostro [masculine] (Italian), pulpito [masculine] (Italian), 上段 (jōdan) (alt: じょうだん) (Japanese), pourangi (Māori), mównica [feminine] (Polish), pulpit [masculine] (Polish), трибу́на (tribúna) [feminine] (Russian), ка́федра (káfedra) [feminine] (Russian), àrd-ùrlar [masculine] (Scottish Gaelic), púlpito [masculine] (Spanish), jukwaa (Swahili), talarstol [common-gender] (Swedish), plattform [common-gender] (Swedish), podium [neuter] (Swedish), orponk (Tocharian B), kürsü (Turkish)
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-X~d1xEMt Disambiguation of 'dais, pulpit, or similar platform': 84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1
  2. A platform for a film or television camera. Translations (platform for a film or television camera): платформа (platforma) [feminine] (Bulgarian), plattform [common-gender] (Swedish), podium [neuter] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-OY0s9UfW Disambiguation of 'platform for a film or television camera': 5 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  3. The projecting prow of a rowed warship, such as a trireme. Translations (projecting prow of a rowed warship): esperó [masculine] (Catalan), ramsteven [masculine] (Dutch), keulajuhmuri (Finnish), éperon [masculine] (French), rostre [masculine] (French), Rammsporn [masculine] (German), rostro (Ido), rostro [masculine] (Italian), rostro [masculine] (Portuguese), espolón [masculine] (Spanish), skeppsnäbb [common-gender] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-lZ1DR4aj Disambiguation of 'projecting prow of a rowed warship': 2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2
  4. (zoology) The beak.
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-JaJOPddf Categories (other): Zoology, English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3 Topics: biology, natural-sciences, zoology
  5. (zoology) The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils. Translations (beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects): rostrum (Afrikaans), морон (moron) (Bashkir), kärsä (Finnish), Rostrum [neuter] (German), Rüssel [masculine] (German), szipóka [singular] (Hungarian), rostro (Ido), näbb [common-gender] (Swedish), spröt [neuter] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun--keDdqxw Categories (other): Zoology, English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3 Topics: biology, natural-sciences, zoology Disambiguation of 'beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects': 1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3
  6. (zoology) The snout of a dolphin. Translations (zoology: snout of a dolphin): морон (moron) (Bashkir), nokka (Finnish), kuono (Finnish), näbb [common-gender] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-2XzQytp8 Categories (other): Zoology, English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3 Topics: biology, natural-sciences, zoology Disambiguation of 'zoology: snout of a dolphin': 0 0 1 18 10 60 6 2 2
  7. (anatomy) The oral or nasal region of a human used for anatomical location (i.e. rostral).
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-nfsm4AfD Categories (other): Anatomy Topics: anatomy, medicine, sciences
  8. (botany) Any beak-like extension.
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-J8u6ZnvK Categories (other): Botany, English entries with incorrect language header, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Afrikaans translations, Terms with Ancient Greek translations, Terms with Bashkir translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Ido translations, Terms with Irish translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Māori translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swahili translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Tocharian B translations, Terms with Turkish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 2 2 5 17 16 16 6 22 14 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 1 1 2 14 16 13 3 26 16 1 3 1 2 Disambiguation of Terms with Afrikaans translations: 8 2 5 13 12 12 8 26 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Ancient Greek translations: 8 3 6 13 12 12 10 22 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Bashkir translations: 5 2 5 14 12 12 8 27 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 6 2 5 15 13 13 8 24 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 5 2 5 14 12 12 8 27 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 8 2 5 13 12 12 8 26 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 4 2 5 15 13 14 9 24 12 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 3 2 4 15 12 13 7 29 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 5 2 5 15 13 13 8 24 13 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 4 2 5 16 13 14 9 25 12 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 5 2 5 15 13 13 8 24 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 10 2 4 15 13 13 9 21 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Ido translations: 3 2 3 14 12 12 6 36 12 Disambiguation of Terms with Irish translations: 5 2 5 13 12 12 8 29 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 4 2 4 16 13 14 8 27 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 4 2 4 16 13 14 8 27 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 7 1 3 16 13 14 8 24 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Māori translations: 4 2 4 15 12 13 8 31 12 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 5 2 6 15 13 14 9 23 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 9 2 4 12 11 11 10 26 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 4 2 4 16 13 14 8 27 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations: 5 2 5 14 12 12 8 27 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 3 1 6 16 14 14 7 27 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Swahili translations: 4 2 4 15 12 13 7 28 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 4 2 5 14 12 12 8 28 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Tocharian B translations: 2 0 3 10 8 8 6 52 11 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 4 2 5 14 12 12 8 28 15 Topics: biology, botany, natural-sciences
  9. (botany) The inner segment of the coronal lobes in asclepiads.
    Sense id: en-rostrum-en-noun-8Z6Wky~E Categories (other): Botany, English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3 Topics: biology, botany, natural-sciences
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: rostral, rostrally, rostrate, rostriferous, rostroid, winners' rostrum

Noun [Latin]

IPA: [ˈroːs.trũː] [Classical-Latin], [ˈrɔs.trum] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: From rōd(ō) (“to gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. Originally a bird's beak or animal's snout, but later extended to objects with a similar shape. Etymology templates: {{suffix|la|rōdō|trum|alt1=rōd(ō)|gloss1=to gnaw}} rōd(ō) (“to gnaw”) + -trum, {{der|la|ine-pro|*Hreh₃d-}} Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- Head templates: {{la-noun|rōstrum<2>}} rōstrum n (genitive rōstrī); second declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|rōstrum<2>}} Forms: rōstrum [canonical, neuter], rōstrī [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], rōstrum [nominative, singular], rōstra [nominative, plural], rōstrī [genitive, singular], rōstrōrum [genitive, plural], rōstrō [dative, singular], rōstrīs [dative, plural], rōstrum [accusative, singular], rōstra [accusative, plural], rōstrō [ablative, singular], rōstrīs [ablative, plural], rōstrum [singular, vocative], rōstra [plural, vocative]
  1. bill or beak of a bird Tags: declension-2 Synonyms: beccus
    Sense id: en-rostrum-la-noun-8w0uxxU4 Categories (other): Latin terms suffixed with -trum Disambiguation of Latin terms suffixed with -trum: 14 36 19 32
  2. snout or muzzle of an animal Tags: declension-2
    Sense id: en-rostrum-la-noun-3g5cy37t Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin terms suffixed with -trum, Animal body parts Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 8 44 12 37 Disambiguation of Latin terms suffixed with -trum: 14 36 19 32 Disambiguation of Animal body parts: 10 66 11 13
  3. (nautical) prow of a ship Tags: declension-2 Synonyms: prōra
    Sense id: en-rostrum-la-noun-5wHGksf1 Categories (other): Nautical, Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin terms suffixed with -trum, Ship parts Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 8 44 12 37 Disambiguation of Latin terms suffixed with -trum: 14 36 19 32 Disambiguation of Ship parts: 6 18 62 14 Topics: nautical, transport
  4. (usually in the plural) a stage or platform for speaking in the forum Tags: declension-2, plural-normally
    Sense id: en-rostrum-la-noun-VHBuV3Vm Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin neuter nouns in the second declension, Latin terms suffixed with -trum Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 8 44 12 37 Disambiguation of Latin neuter nouns in the second declension: 12 22 14 52 Disambiguation of Latin terms suffixed with -trum: 14 36 19 32
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: dēclīvirōstris, rōstrātus

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "rostral"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "rostrally"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "rostrate"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "rostriferous"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "rostroid"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "winners' rostrum"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "rōstrum",
      "rostrum#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "rōd(ō)",
      "rodo#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "-trum",
      "-trum#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*Hreh₃d-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hreh₃d-"
    ],
    [
      "*-trom",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trom"
    ],
    [
      "back-formation",
      "back-formation"
    ],
    [
      "beak",
      "beak"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*Hreh₃d-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "rōstrum",
        "t": "beak, snout"
      },
      "expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”)",
      "name": "lbor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*Hreh₃d-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”), from rōd(ō) (“gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. The pulpit sense is a back-formation from the name of the Roman Rōstra, the platforms in the Forum where politicians made speeches. The Rōstra were decorated with (and named for) the beaks (prows) of ships from naval victories.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rostra",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rostrums",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rostra",
        "2": "s"
      },
      "expansion": "rostrum (plural rostra or rostrums)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenations": [
    {
      "parts": [
        "ros",
        "trum"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              59,
              66
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1922, Sinclair Lewis, chapter 27, in Babbitt:",
          "text": "He saw a crowd listening to a man who was talking from the rostrum of a kitchen-chair.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A dais, pulpit, or similar platform for a speaker, conductor, or other performer."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-X~d1xEMt",
      "links": [
        [
          "dais",
          "dais"
        ],
        [
          "pulpit",
          "pulpit"
        ],
        [
          "speaker",
          "speaker"
        ],
        [
          "conductor",
          "conductor"
        ],
        [
          "performer",
          "performer"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "dais"
        },
        {
          "word": "pulpit"
        }
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "katedra",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "катедра"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "tribuna",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "трибуна"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "lang_code": "cmn",
          "roman": "jiǎngtán",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "講壇 /讲坛"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "lang_code": "cmn",
          "roman": "jiǎngtái",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "講臺 /讲台"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "lang_code": "cs",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "stupínek"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "lang_code": "cs",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "pódium"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "lang_code": "cs",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "kazatelna"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "lang_code": "cs",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "řečniště"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "lang_code": "eo",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "podio"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "lang_code": "eo",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "tribuno"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "koroke"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "english": "dais",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "translation": "dais",
          "word": "kateederi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "english": "pulpit",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "translation": "pulpit",
          "word": "puhujapönttö"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "chaire"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "grc",
          "lang": "Ancient Greek",
          "lang_code": "grc",
          "roman": "bêma",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "βῆμα"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "emelvény"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "dobogó"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "szószék"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "pulpitus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "szónoki emelvény"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rostram"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "pulpito"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "alt": "じょうだん",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "lang_code": "ja",
          "roman": "jōdan",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "上段"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Māori",
          "lang_code": "mi",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "pourangi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "mównica"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "pulpit"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "tribúna",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "трибу́на"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "káfedra",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ка́федра"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "gd",
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "gd",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "àrd-ùrlar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "púlpito"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "sw",
          "lang": "Swahili",
          "lang_code": "sw",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "jukwaa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "talarstol"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "plattform"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "podium"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "txb",
          "lang": "Tocharian B",
          "lang_code": "txb",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "orponk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "lang_code": "tr",
          "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
          "word": "kürsü"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A platform for a film or television camera."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-OY0s9UfW",
      "links": [
        [
          "platform",
          "platform"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "5 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "platforma",
          "sense": "platform for a film or television camera",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "платформа"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "5 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "platform for a film or television camera",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "plattform"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "5 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "platform for a film or television camera",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "podium"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The projecting prow of a rowed warship, such as a trireme."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-lZ1DR4aj",
      "links": [
        [
          "prow",
          "prow"
        ],
        [
          "trireme",
          "trireme"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "lang_code": "ca",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "esperó"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ramsteven"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "word": "keulajuhmuri"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "éperon"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rostre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "lang_code": "de",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Rammsporn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "lang_code": "io",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "espolón"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 85 2 1 2 4 2 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "skeppsnäbb"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Zoology",
          "orig": "en:Zoology",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The beak."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-JaJOPddf",
      "links": [
        [
          "zoology",
          "zoology"
        ],
        [
          "beak",
          "beak"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(zoology) The beak."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "natural-sciences",
        "zoology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Zoology",
          "orig": "en:Zoology",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              103,
              110
            ],
            [
              301,
              307
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1869, Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, volume II, London: Macmillan and Co., page 277:",
          "text": "I once saw two males fighting together; each had a fore-leg laid across the neck of the other, and the rostrum bent quite in an attitude of defiance, and looking most ridiculous. Another time, two were fighting for a female, who stood close by busy at her boring. They pushed at each other with their rostra, and clawed and thumped, apparently in the greatest rage, although their coats of mail must have saved both from injury.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun--keDdqxw",
      "links": [
        [
          "zoology",
          "zoology"
        ],
        [
          "insect",
          "insect"
        ],
        [
          "weevil",
          "weevil"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(zoology) The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "natural-sciences",
        "zoology"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "af",
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "word": "rostrum"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "ba",
          "lang": "Bashkir",
          "lang_code": "ba",
          "roman": "moron",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "word": "морон"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "word": "kärsä"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "lang_code": "de",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Rostrum"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "lang_code": "de",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Rüssel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "tags": [
            "singular"
          ],
          "word": "szipóka"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "lang_code": "io",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "näbb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 0 1 2 85 2 2 4 3",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "spröt"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Zoology",
          "orig": "en:Zoology",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The snout of a dolphin."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-2XzQytp8",
      "links": [
        [
          "zoology",
          "zoology"
        ],
        [
          "dolphin",
          "dolphin"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(zoology) The snout of a dolphin."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "natural-sciences",
        "zoology"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "0 0 1 18 10 60 6 2 2",
          "code": "ba",
          "lang": "Bashkir",
          "lang_code": "ba",
          "roman": "moron",
          "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
          "word": "морон"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 0 1 18 10 60 6 2 2",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
          "word": "nokka"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 0 1 18 10 60 6 2 2",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
          "word": "kuono"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 0 1 18 10 60 6 2 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "näbb"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Anatomy",
          "orig": "en:Anatomy",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The oral or nasal region of a human used for anatomical location (i.e. rostral)."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-nfsm4AfD",
      "links": [
        [
          "anatomy",
          "anatomy"
        ],
        [
          "rostral",
          "rostral"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(anatomy) The oral or nasal region of a human used for anatomical location (i.e. rostral)."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "anatomy",
        "medicine",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Botany",
          "orig": "en:Botany",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 2 5 17 16 16 6 22 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 1 2 14 16 13 3 26 16 1 3 1 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 2 5 13 12 12 8 26 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Afrikaans translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 3 6 13 12 12 10 22 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 2 5 14 12 12 8 27 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Bashkir translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 2 5 15 13 13 8 24 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 2 5 14 12 12 8 27 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 2 5 13 12 12 8 26 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Czech translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 5 15 13 14 9 24 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 2 4 15 12 13 7 29 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 2 5 15 13 13 8 24 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 5 16 13 14 9 25 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with French translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 2 5 15 13 13 8 24 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 2 4 15 13 13 9 21 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 2 3 14 12 12 6 36 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ido translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 2 5 13 12 12 8 29 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Irish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 4 16 13 14 8 27 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Italian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 4 16 13 14 8 27 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 1 3 16 13 14 8 24 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 4 15 12 13 8 31 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Māori translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 2 6 15 13 14 9 23 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Polish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 2 4 12 11 11 10 26 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 4 16 13 14 8 27 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 2 5 14 12 12 8 27 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 1 6 16 14 14 7 27 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 4 15 12 13 7 28 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swahili translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 5 14 12 12 8 28 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 0 3 10 8 8 6 52 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Tocharian B translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 5 14 12 12 8 28 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any beak-like extension."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-J8u6ZnvK",
      "links": [
        [
          "botany",
          "botany"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(botany) Any beak-like extension."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "botany",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Botany",
          "orig": "en:Botany",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 1 3 12 21 12 5 25 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 1 3 14 13 13 4 21 20 1 3 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The inner segment of the coronal lobes in asclepiads."
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-en-noun-8Z6Wky~E",
      "links": [
        [
          "botany",
          "botany"
        ],
        [
          "coronal",
          "coronal"
        ],
        [
          "lobe",
          "lobe"
        ],
        [
          "asclepiad",
          "asclepiad"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(botany) The inner segment of the coronal lobes in asclepiads."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "botany",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɹɒstɹəm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɹɑstɹəm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɹɔs-/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-rostrum.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/En-us-rostrum.ogg/En-us-rostrum.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/En-us-rostrum.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "(Received Pronunciation) -ɒstɹəm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "(General American) -ɑstɹəm"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rostrum"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "dēclīvirōstris"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "rōstrātus"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Albanian",
      "lang_code": "sq",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "rast"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Aromanian",
      "lang_code": "rup",
      "word": "arostu"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "word": "rostre"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "rostrum"
    },
    {
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "rostre"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Friulian",
      "lang_code": "fur",
      "word": "rostri"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Ido",
      "lang_code": "io",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "word": "rosto"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "roa-opt",
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "word": "rosto"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "roa-opt",
      "word": "rosto"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "raw_tags": [
        "learned borrowing",
        "learned"
      ],
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "lang_code": "ro",
      "word": "rost"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "roman": "rostr",
      "word": "ростр"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "roman": "rostra",
      "word": "ростра"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "word": "rostro"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "rōd(ō)",
      "rodo#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "-trum",
      "-trum#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*Hreh₃d-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hreh₃d-"
    ],
    [
      "*-trom",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trom"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rōdō",
        "3": "trum",
        "alt1": "rōd(ō)",
        "gloss1": "to gnaw"
      },
      "expansion": "rōd(ō) (“to gnaw”) + -trum",
      "name": "suffix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*Hreh₃d-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From rōd(ō) (“to gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. Originally a bird's beak or animal's snout, but later extended to objects with a similar shape.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrī",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrī",
          "rostri"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrum",
          "rostrum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstra",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstra",
          "rostra#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrī",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrī",
          "rostri#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrōrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrōrum",
          "rostrorum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrō",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrō",
          "rostro#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrīs",
          "rostris#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrum",
          "rostrum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstra",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstra",
          "rostra#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrō",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrō",
          "rostro#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrīs",
          "rostris#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrum",
          "rostrum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstra",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstra",
          "rostra#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rōstrum<2>"
      },
      "expansion": "rōstrum n (genitive rōstrī); second declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rōstrum<2>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "14 36 19 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin terms suffixed with -trum",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The ibis is a bird of the river Nile, which cleans itself by pouring water into its anus with its beak. It devours the eggs of snakes, carrying from them to its nests the most welcome food.",
          "ref": "c. 600 CE – 625 CE, Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiae 12.7.33",
          "text": "Ībis avis Nīlī flūminis, quae sēmetipsam purgat, rōstrō in ānum aquam fundēns. Haec serpentium ōva vēscitur, grātissimam ex eīs ēscam nīdīs suīs dēportāns.",
          "translation": "The ibis is a bird of the river Nile, which cleans itself by pouring water into its anus with its beak. It devours the eggs of snakes, carrying from them to its nests the most welcome food.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bill or beak of a bird"
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-la-noun-8w0uxxU4",
      "links": [
        [
          "bill",
          "bill"
        ],
        [
          "beak",
          "beak"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "beccus"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 44 12 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 36 19 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin terms suffixed with -trum",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 66 11 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Animal body parts",
          "orig": "la:Animal body parts",
          "parents": [
            "Body parts",
            "Anatomy"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Whether I shall be consumed by the long years, which I do not want,\nwhether I shall be set free by a death caused by a hand,\nwhether I shall be thrown shipwrecked about the immense waves\nand a fish from far away lands my guts will eat,\nwhether wandering birds my limbs should rip,\nwhether wolves will stain their snouts with my blood,\nwhether someone will be dignified to lay on the ground\nand give to a plebeian pyre my useless body,\nwhatever I shall be, I shall strive to break from the banks of the Styx\nand I'll hold my icy hands in your face as an avenger.",
          "ref": "9 CE, Ovidius, Ibis 143–152",
          "roman": "et tendam gelidās ultor in ōra manūs.",
          "text": "Sīve ego, quod nōlim, longīs cōnsūmptus ab annīs,\nsīve manū factā morte solūtus erō,\nsīve per inmēnsās iactābor naufragus undās,\nnostraque longinquus viscera piscis edet,\nsīve peregrīnae carpent mea membra volucrēs,\nsīve meō tinguent sanguine rōstra lupī,\nsīve aliquis dignātus erit suppōnere terrae\net dare plēbēiō corpus ināne rogō,\nquicquid erō, Stygiīs ērumpere nītar ab ōrīs,",
          "translation": "Whether I shall be consumed by the long years, which I do not want,\nwhether I shall be set free by a death caused by a hand,\nwhether I shall be thrown shipwrecked about the immense waves\nand a fish from far away lands my guts will eat,\nwhether wandering birds my limbs should rip,\nwhether wolves will stain their snouts with my blood,\nwhether someone will be dignified to lay on the ground\nand give to a plebeian pyre my useless body,\nwhatever I shall be, I shall strive to break from the banks of the Styx\nand I'll hold my icy hands in your face as an avenger.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "snout or muzzle of an animal"
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-la-noun-3g5cy37t",
      "links": [
        [
          "snout",
          "snout"
        ],
        [
          "muzzle",
          "muzzle"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Nautical",
          "orig": "la:Nautical",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 44 12 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 36 19 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin terms suffixed with -trum",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 18 62 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Ship parts",
          "orig": "la:Ship parts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "prow of a ship"
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-la-noun-5wHGksf1",
      "links": [
        [
          "nautical",
          "nautical"
        ],
        [
          "prow",
          "prow"
        ],
        [
          "ship",
          "ship"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(nautical) prow of a ship"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "prōra"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "nautical",
        "transport"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 44 12 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 22 14 52",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 36 19 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin terms suffixed with -trum",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a stage or platform for speaking in the forum"
      ],
      "id": "en-rostrum-la-noun-VHBuV3Vm",
      "links": [
        [
          "stage",
          "stage"
        ],
        [
          "platform",
          "platform"
        ],
        [
          "speaking",
          "speaking"
        ],
        [
          "forum",
          "forum"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually in the plural) a stage or platform for speaking in the forum"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "plural-normally"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈroːs.trũː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈrɔs.trum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rostrum"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English learned borrowings from Latin",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English nouns with irregular plurals",
    "English terms borrowed from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *Hreh₃d-",
    "English unadapted borrowings from Latin",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/ɑstɹəm",
    "Rhymes:English/ɑstɹəm/2 syllables",
    "Rhymes:English/ɒstɹəm",
    "Rhymes:English/ɒstɹəm/2 syllables",
    "Terms with Afrikaans translations",
    "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
    "Terms with Bashkir translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Ido translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Mandarin translations",
    "Terms with Māori translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swahili translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Tocharian B translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "la:Animal body parts",
    "la:Ship parts"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "rostral"
    },
    {
      "word": "rostrally"
    },
    {
      "word": "rostrate"
    },
    {
      "word": "rostriferous"
    },
    {
      "word": "rostroid"
    },
    {
      "word": "winners' rostrum"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "rōstrum",
      "rostrum#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "rōd(ō)",
      "rodo#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "-trum",
      "-trum#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*Hreh₃d-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hreh₃d-"
    ],
    [
      "*-trom",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trom"
    ],
    [
      "back-formation",
      "back-formation"
    ],
    [
      "beak",
      "beak"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*Hreh₃d-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "rōstrum",
        "t": "beak, snout"
      },
      "expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”)",
      "name": "lbor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*Hreh₃d-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”), from rōd(ō) (“gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. The pulpit sense is a back-formation from the name of the Roman Rōstra, the platforms in the Forum where politicians made speeches. The Rōstra were decorated with (and named for) the beaks (prows) of ships from naval victories.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rostra",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rostrums",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rostra",
        "2": "s"
      },
      "expansion": "rostrum (plural rostra or rostrums)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenations": [
    {
      "parts": [
        "ros",
        "trum"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              59,
              66
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1922, Sinclair Lewis, chapter 27, in Babbitt:",
          "text": "He saw a crowd listening to a man who was talking from the rostrum of a kitchen-chair.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A dais, pulpit, or similar platform for a speaker, conductor, or other performer."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dais",
          "dais"
        ],
        [
          "pulpit",
          "pulpit"
        ],
        [
          "speaker",
          "speaker"
        ],
        [
          "conductor",
          "conductor"
        ],
        [
          "performer",
          "performer"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "dais"
        },
        {
          "word": "pulpit"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A platform for a film or television camera."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "platform",
          "platform"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The projecting prow of a rowed warship, such as a trireme."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "prow",
          "prow"
        ],
        [
          "trireme",
          "trireme"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Zoology"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The beak."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "zoology",
          "zoology"
        ],
        [
          "beak",
          "beak"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(zoology) The beak."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "natural-sciences",
        "zoology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Zoology"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              103,
              110
            ],
            [
              301,
              307
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1869, Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, volume II, London: Macmillan and Co., page 277:",
          "text": "I once saw two males fighting together; each had a fore-leg laid across the neck of the other, and the rostrum bent quite in an attitude of defiance, and looking most ridiculous. Another time, two were fighting for a female, who stood close by busy at her boring. They pushed at each other with their rostra, and clawed and thumped, apparently in the greatest rage, although their coats of mail must have saved both from injury.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "zoology",
          "zoology"
        ],
        [
          "insect",
          "insect"
        ],
        [
          "weevil",
          "weevil"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(zoology) The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "natural-sciences",
        "zoology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Zoology"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The snout of a dolphin."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "zoology",
          "zoology"
        ],
        [
          "dolphin",
          "dolphin"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(zoology) The snout of a dolphin."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "natural-sciences",
        "zoology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Anatomy"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The oral or nasal region of a human used for anatomical location (i.e. rostral)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "anatomy",
          "anatomy"
        ],
        [
          "rostral",
          "rostral"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(anatomy) The oral or nasal region of a human used for anatomical location (i.e. rostral)."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "anatomy",
        "medicine",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Botany"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any beak-like extension."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "botany",
          "botany"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(botany) Any beak-like extension."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "botany",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Botany"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The inner segment of the coronal lobes in asclepiads."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "botany",
          "botany"
        ],
        [
          "coronal",
          "coronal"
        ],
        [
          "lobe",
          "lobe"
        ],
        [
          "asclepiad",
          "asclepiad"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(botany) The inner segment of the coronal lobes in asclepiads."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "botany",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɹɒstɹəm/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɹɑstɹəm/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɹɔs-/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-rostrum.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/En-us-rostrum.ogg/En-us-rostrum.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/En-us-rostrum.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "(Received Pronunciation) -ɒstɹəm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "(General American) -ɑstɹəm"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "katedra",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "катедра"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "tribuna",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "трибуна"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "lang_code": "cmn",
      "roman": "jiǎngtán",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "講壇 /讲坛"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "lang_code": "cmn",
      "roman": "jiǎngtái",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "講臺 /讲台"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "stupínek"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "pódium"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "kazatelna"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "řečniště"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "lang_code": "eo",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "podio"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "lang_code": "eo",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "tribuno"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "koroke"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "english": "dais",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "translation": "dais",
      "word": "kateederi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "english": "pulpit",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "translation": "pulpit",
      "word": "puhujapönttö"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "chaire"
    },
    {
      "code": "grc",
      "lang": "Ancient Greek",
      "lang_code": "grc",
      "roman": "bêma",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "βῆμα"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "emelvény"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "dobogó"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "szószék"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "pulpitus"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "szónoki emelvény"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rostram"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "pulpito"
    },
    {
      "alt": "じょうだん",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "roman": "jōdan",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "上段"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Māori",
      "lang_code": "mi",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "pourangi"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "mównica"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "pulpit"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "tribúna",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "трибу́на"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "káfedra",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ка́федра"
    },
    {
      "code": "gd",
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "lang_code": "gd",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "àrd-ùrlar"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "púlpito"
    },
    {
      "code": "sw",
      "lang": "Swahili",
      "lang_code": "sw",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "jukwaa"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "talarstol"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "plattform"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "podium"
    },
    {
      "code": "txb",
      "lang": "Tocharian B",
      "lang_code": "txb",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "orponk"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "lang_code": "tr",
      "sense": "dais, pulpit, or similar platform",
      "word": "kürsü"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "platforma",
      "sense": "platform for a film or television camera",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "платформа"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "platform for a film or television camera",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "plattform"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "platform for a film or television camera",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "podium"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "esperó"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ramsteven"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "word": "keulajuhmuri"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "éperon"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rostre"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Rammsporn"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "lang_code": "io",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "espolón"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "projecting prow of a rowed warship",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "skeppsnäbb"
    },
    {
      "code": "af",
      "lang": "Afrikaans",
      "lang_code": "af",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "word": "rostrum"
    },
    {
      "code": "ba",
      "lang": "Bashkir",
      "lang_code": "ba",
      "roman": "moron",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "word": "морон"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "word": "kärsä"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Rostrum"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Rüssel"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "tags": [
        "singular"
      ],
      "word": "szipóka"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "lang_code": "io",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "näbb"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "spröt"
    },
    {
      "code": "ba",
      "lang": "Bashkir",
      "lang_code": "ba",
      "roman": "moron",
      "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
      "word": "морон"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
      "word": "nokka"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
      "word": "kuono"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "zoology: snout of a dolphin",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "näbb"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rostrum"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin neuter nouns",
    "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
    "Latin nouns",
    "Latin second declension nouns",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms suffixed with -trum",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "la:Animal body parts",
    "la:Ship parts"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "dēclīvirōstris"
    },
    {
      "word": "rōstrātus"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Albanian",
      "lang_code": "sq",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "rast"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Aromanian",
      "lang_code": "rup",
      "word": "arostu"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "word": "rostre"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "rostrum"
    },
    {
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "rostre"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Friulian",
      "lang_code": "fur",
      "word": "rostri"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Ido",
      "lang_code": "io",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "word": "rosto"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "roa-opt",
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "word": "rostro"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "word": "rosto"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "roa-opt",
      "word": "rosto"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "raw_tags": [
        "learned borrowing",
        "learned"
      ],
      "word": "rostro"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "lang_code": "ro",
      "word": "rost"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "roman": "rostr",
      "word": "ростр"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "roman": "rostra",
      "word": "ростра"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "word": "rostro"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "rōd(ō)",
      "rodo#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "-trum",
      "-trum#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*Hreh₃d-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hreh₃d-"
    ],
    [
      "*-trom",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trom"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rōdō",
        "3": "trum",
        "alt1": "rōd(ō)",
        "gloss1": "to gnaw"
      },
      "expansion": "rōd(ō) (“to gnaw”) + -trum",
      "name": "suffix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*Hreh₃d-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From rōd(ō) (“to gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. Originally a bird's beak or animal's snout, but later extended to objects with a similar shape.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrī",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrī",
          "rostri"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrum",
          "rostrum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstra",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstra",
          "rostra#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrī",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrī",
          "rostri#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrōrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrōrum",
          "rostrorum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrō",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrō",
          "rostro#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrīs",
          "rostris#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrum",
          "rostrum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstra",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstra",
          "rostra#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrō",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrō",
          "rostro#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrīs",
          "rostris#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstrum",
          "rostrum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōstra",
      "links": [
        [
          "rōstra",
          "rostra#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rōstrum<2>"
      },
      "expansion": "rōstrum n (genitive rōstrī); second declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rōstrum<2>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The ibis is a bird of the river Nile, which cleans itself by pouring water into its anus with its beak. It devours the eggs of snakes, carrying from them to its nests the most welcome food.",
          "ref": "c. 600 CE – 625 CE, Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiae 12.7.33",
          "text": "Ībis avis Nīlī flūminis, quae sēmetipsam purgat, rōstrō in ānum aquam fundēns. Haec serpentium ōva vēscitur, grātissimam ex eīs ēscam nīdīs suīs dēportāns.",
          "translation": "The ibis is a bird of the river Nile, which cleans itself by pouring water into its anus with its beak. It devours the eggs of snakes, carrying from them to its nests the most welcome food.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bill or beak of a bird"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bill",
          "bill"
        ],
        [
          "beak",
          "beak"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "beccus"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Whether I shall be consumed by the long years, which I do not want,\nwhether I shall be set free by a death caused by a hand,\nwhether I shall be thrown shipwrecked about the immense waves\nand a fish from far away lands my guts will eat,\nwhether wandering birds my limbs should rip,\nwhether wolves will stain their snouts with my blood,\nwhether someone will be dignified to lay on the ground\nand give to a plebeian pyre my useless body,\nwhatever I shall be, I shall strive to break from the banks of the Styx\nand I'll hold my icy hands in your face as an avenger.",
          "ref": "9 CE, Ovidius, Ibis 143–152",
          "roman": "et tendam gelidās ultor in ōra manūs.",
          "text": "Sīve ego, quod nōlim, longīs cōnsūmptus ab annīs,\nsīve manū factā morte solūtus erō,\nsīve per inmēnsās iactābor naufragus undās,\nnostraque longinquus viscera piscis edet,\nsīve peregrīnae carpent mea membra volucrēs,\nsīve meō tinguent sanguine rōstra lupī,\nsīve aliquis dignātus erit suppōnere terrae\net dare plēbēiō corpus ināne rogō,\nquicquid erō, Stygiīs ērumpere nītar ab ōrīs,",
          "translation": "Whether I shall be consumed by the long years, which I do not want,\nwhether I shall be set free by a death caused by a hand,\nwhether I shall be thrown shipwrecked about the immense waves\nand a fish from far away lands my guts will eat,\nwhether wandering birds my limbs should rip,\nwhether wolves will stain their snouts with my blood,\nwhether someone will be dignified to lay on the ground\nand give to a plebeian pyre my useless body,\nwhatever I shall be, I shall strive to break from the banks of the Styx\nand I'll hold my icy hands in your face as an avenger.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "snout or muzzle of an animal"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "snout",
          "snout"
        ],
        [
          "muzzle",
          "muzzle"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "la:Nautical"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "prow of a ship"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nautical",
          "nautical"
        ],
        [
          "prow",
          "prow"
        ],
        [
          "ship",
          "ship"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(nautical) prow of a ship"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "prōra"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "nautical",
        "transport"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a stage or platform for speaking in the forum"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "stage",
          "stage"
        ],
        [
          "platform",
          "platform"
        ],
        [
          "speaking",
          "speaking"
        ],
        [
          "forum",
          "forum"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually in the plural) a stage or platform for speaking in the forum"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "plural-normally"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈroːs.trũː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈrɔs.trum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rostrum"
}

Download raw JSONL data for rostrum meaning in All languages combined (23.7kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.